Given more than seven thousand years of urbanization and highly diverse topographic and geographical conditions, Iran is one of the treasures through the world's architectural history. Climatic diversity, on the one hand, and long history of living, on the other hand, has led to noteworthy and valuable achievement in architecture and urbanization within this country. However, these elements are less utilized in today architecture. Urban life, technological advances and excessive economical demands have extremely made people apart from the nature and formed their mind within an iterative mechanized order. Furthermore, human being is a part of nature and his/ her close relationship to the nature provides him/her with survival and longevity. In Iranian houses, a space indicating relationship between human and nature is courtyard. Central courtyards within vernacular houses in Yazd provided inhabitants with terrifi c living conditions and enhanced their living quality by utilizing natural elements such as water, wind, light, and plants. Today, due to providing more houses regardless of their quality, not only are natural elements ignored in human life; but also in many cases, buildings do not have essential features of living. This paper attempts to explore how to create and enter natural elements in apartments. This paper aims to investigate natural elements on vernacular houses in Yazd. A descriptive, analytic methodology along with a case study (vernacular houses in Yazd) were employed and data was collected through library and fi eld research.

Iran with more than seven thousand years of urbanization and topographic conditions and more geographically diverse, one of the treasures of the world’ s architectural history; Climatic variations on the one hand and a long history of living on the other hand, has led to this country in the field of architecture and urbanism, achievement is noteworthy and valuable. But these factors are less used in architecture today is celebrating. Urbanization, technological progress and the needs of the increasing economic, more people away from nature and flowing them in a repetitive system has molding machine. Meanwhile, the man is part of nature and his close association with nature, the survival and continuity of life. One houses in Iran which shows the relationship between man and nature. An Iranian yard selection is symbolic nature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of indigenous natural elements houses the city of Yazd. The research method was descriptive of the type of case (native house-Yazd) and collection of data is done by library and field.

Given more than seven thousand years of urbanization and highly diverse topographic and geographical conditions, Iranis one of treasures through the world's architectural history. Climatic diversity, on one hand, and long history of living,on the other hand, has led to noteworthy and valuable achievement in architecture and urbanization within this country.But these elements are less utilized in today's architecture. In today’s world, excessive population growth of cities and thedevelopment of cities without rules as well as industrialization regardless of people’s health and welfare in residential spaces make human societies face a crisis. While in recent years, appreciation of nature and its proximity to residential areas have been concerned in most of countries and a great attention has been paid to association between human-made space and its natural context. Attention to natural elements, particularly the nature formed within courtyards next to houses, can improve quality of life and make houses a better space for human growth and sublimity. Indeed, urban life, technological advances and excessive economical demands have extremely made people apart from the nature and formed their mind within an iterative mechanized order. However, human is a part of nature and his close relationship to the nature provides him survival and longevity. In Iranian houses, a space indicating relationship between human and nature is a courtyard. Central courtyards within vernacular houses in Yazd provided the inhabitants with terrific living conditions and enhanced their living quality by utilizing natural elements such as water, wind, light, and plants. Actually vernacular architecture represents a strong relationship between human and nature by smoothing the nature and using natural elements. In historical houses of Yazd, the house was not separated from nature and there should be some natural representation inside spatial configuration of the house. In vernacular houses, nature was always presented in terms of three appearances: primary, secondary and abstract form and the sky, soil, water, wind and different living figures such as domestic plants and pets all were available in terms of primary nature and they interacted with each other. But today, due to providing more houses regardless of their quality, not only natural elements are ignored in human life; but also in many cases, buildings do not have the essential features of living. This study seeks to answer the question what could be the effect of nature on human perception, visual pleasure, comfort and human mental relaxation? This paper aims to investigate impacts of natural elements on vernacular houses in Yazd. A descriptive, analytic methodology along with a case study )vernacular houses in Yazd( were employed and data were collected through library and field research. The questionnaire analysis was performed with SPSS. Natural elements directly affect physical, sensual, and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Among all natural elements, water had the greatest influence on human sensual dimension; and also green space and vegetation had the most significant impact on human physical dimension )cooling and humidifying the air(. Furthermore, the light had the highest effect on human sensual dimension

Spatial elements have a lot of varieties in the architecture of past houses. Every house can find meaning through closed and open spaces and the accompaniment of semi-open spaces next to them. One of the unique features of Islamic houses is the presence of semi-open space elements that in addition to meet the functional and behavioural needs; have a diversity in their typology. With the aim of typology of these spatial elements, this research uses a qualitative research method to find out what are the different types of semi-open spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses in terms of form and orientation. In addition, this research is based on field studies that authors were able to visit and perceive spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses. For this purpose, first, the historical background of semi-open elements and their functions have been studied. Then, by reviewing the position of semi-open elements in some Islamic cities, the two cities of Yazd and Damascus in Qajar and Ottoman historical periods were selected and the typology of semi-open spatial elements in houses were analysed and compared. Based on the preliminary study, houses of Yazd have four types of semi-open spaces, including the main porch(hall), shallow porch, porch and columned porch, and the houses of Damascus have three types of semi-open spaces, namely, the main porch, secondary porch and the columned porch. Comparison of these semi-open spatial elements in the houses of the two cities and analysis of the commonalities and differences between them; lead the researchers to a main semi-open space, namely, the main porch.

At the time of Muzaffarids (Ilkhanate), since this area of Iran (Yazd) which was a considerable part of the country, was spared from the deliberate destruction of Mongol people. It can be expected that there have been continuous construction activities in this area since the Seljuk period. Especially according to the specific political field, under the influence of Muzaffaris rulers, a special local style called Muzaffaris style or due to opinion of Donald Wilber, “Yazd School” can be identified and introduced in this field. Among these, the distinctive works of architecture, mosques, monasteries, houses, aqueducts, gardens and historical neighborhoods of Yazd and Meybod, belonging to the same era are of special importance for defining, explaining and interpreting its subject and place urban planning. This research seeks to know the characteristics of Al-Muzaffar tanabi houses and whether they can be classified, as well as the reasons for their emergence? The purpose of this article is to determine the quality of Tanabi in the architecture of Muzaffaris houses in Yazd. In this study, the oldest houses that have been registered and identified so far have been cited along with historical texts. Considering not being enough sample studies in other parts of Iran and the number of historical references to the houses in historical texts and no research in this fields, the importance and position of the Tanabi in architecture of Muzaffaris era has been discussed. In this article, after library studies, which include recognizing Muzaffaris houses in historical texts and Tanabi in other buildings, field studies have been done. In this research tries to recognize the residential architecture in Muzaffaris era by combining interpretive- historical methods and research of examples and relying on library- documentary studies and also to study and analyze the Tanabi. The results show that the Tanabi is seen frequently and in different forms in the historical texts of Ilkhanate Timurid era. Researches show that in the study of historical texts of Yazd, three types of Tanabi have been mentioned. In the houses of Muzaffaris era, Tanabi is a luxurious room at the end of the south porch, which is some examples is decorated with many arraysThe second type was used as a room at the entrance of the gardens and the third type was used as a mansion inside the gardens.Tanabi was one of the first experiences of Iranian architectural spacing inside four-story houses, which is aimed at establishing the concept of a royal residence in the houses.Keywords: Tanabi (Wind Guard Space), Al-Muzaffar, Architectural, Porch, Courtyard.IntroductionFrom the beginning of the 5th Hijri century until the Al-Muzaffar dynasty, there has been a kind of continuity in the social and economic activities of Yazd, so that it has faced less social vicissitudes and as a result has provided a peaceful environment for urban activities. During this period, there has been prosperity in construction based on the available evidences of local texts. In the historical texts of Yazd, the space of Tanabi is used for houses, gardens, schools, monastery, mosques and mausoleum with different functions. Using Tanabi is not limited to the buildings of Yazd, but this space can be seen in most of the buildings of this period, it can refer to “Rab’e Rashidi Vaqfnameh” which introduces Tanabi as one of three spaces of the monastery. In the dictionary, “Tanabi” has the following meanings: a porch (Iwan) that is inside a large porch, also a large room and the exedra. Tanabi, from the lexical point of view has at least two functional concepts hidden within it. The first concept is tentage spaces that were built with ropes and beams. The second one that is inside Tanabi is prolixity, means to continue and detail, which is also used in the word Tanabi. The prolixity is so important that some consider it the basis of eloquence and they have interpreted the eloquence as aphorism. In the Tanabi building, this concept is found in the form of constructing the building more stretched and expanding as well as detailing the space with decorations. Research in historical texts leads us to an exedra space in architecture, which is called Tanabi. In these texts, the space behind the main porch of the house and the luxurious room above Sabat, the entrance of the garden, as well as the building in the middle of the garden are called Tanabi, It was also determined, matching historical texts with available examples, some of the decorative features of the Tanabi mentioned in the texts can be seen in many houses now. These ornaments include vaulting of Tanabi ceiling, Tanabi figuring, carrelage, incornishing and plaster decoration. In this research tries to recognize the residential architecture in Muzaffaris era by combining interpretive- historical methods and research of examples and relying on library- documentary studies and also to study and analyze the Tanabi. Identified Traces The simplicity and primitiveness of the Tanabi in Al- Muzaffar houses is the reason for their common characteristics and they differed only in the amount of decoration. Tanabi can be mentioned as one of the architectural experiences of residence at that time in creating space, as this space is used in Zoroastrian four-podium houses in this way. A transformation occurs in the plan of four-podium houses by creating a Tanabi space. The same spatial value in four- podium houses smoothes the construction of the Tanabi, and since this construction is accompanied by decoration and ornament; therefore, it is placed behind a high porch. Strengthening the linear structure of the house by construction of Tanabi and placing a heavy spatial weight at its end will expand the plan in line with the previous one. Making a Tanabi at the end of the porch is also for more energy efficiency. Creating a small room of Tanabi behind the porch that directs the cool breeze down like a box against the wind, causes the air to be drown into it through the door or Tanabi hole and creates a pleasant atmosphere. The architect helps its spatial circulation in two ways by sucking the wind of the porch into the Tanabi: first by planning a door or hole at the end of the Tanabi and the other by connecting the Tanabi with the rooms on both sides of the porch and creating air circulation. Therefore, one of the reasons for using Tanabi is the need for a favorable space and sometimes creating an aristocratic atmosphere. Of course, solving the structural problems of the porch and creating movement and rotation in the spaces around the porch has also been effective in its construction ConclusionResearches show that in the study of historical texts of Yazd, three types of Tanabi have been mentioned. In the houses of Muzaffaris era, Tanabi is a luxurious room at the end of the south porch, which is some examples is decorated with many arraysThe second type was used as a room at the entrance of the gardens and the third type was used as a mansion inside the gardens.It was determined, after comparative studies between available examples, that in houses of Yazd during Al-Muzaffar era, the Tanabi was usually the most valuable space and the sitting place in houses, this space is located at the end of the linear axis of house and usually behind the main porch, and the porch protects the Tanabi like a shield. In these houses, Tanabi was made in the form of a room behind the south Soffe. Along with its stretched and long podium in front of it, this Tanabi is considered one of the main factors of Al- Muzaffar house. These two spaces were located in shadow environment and there was a small yard in front of them. In many houses of Al-Muzaffar era in Yazd district, this pattern can be seen.

In the regions with hot and arid climate, the wind catchers (Badgirs) not only lower the temperature but also can be considered as a kind of architectural symbol of the region. According to their basic function, which is to cool down buildings in summer, Badgirs usually are located in the nassar (summer seat), behind or beside the south Ivans (verandas). In some cities like Aghda, Ardakan and Meybod, houses have one-sided Badgirs north-faced to catch the pleasant winds.In order to understand the origin and evolution of Badgir in the Yazd-Ardakan houses, the oldest standing houses and monuments of the region have been probed. The houses of Ilkhanid and Timurid era do not have any Badgir in the form and shape that is known today, and the organization of the summer side consists of a narrow and lofty Ivan and a splendid room behind it so called Tanabi. It is necessary to mention that even the monuments belong to these eras did not have originally Badgirs. However, the literary texts of the time emphasized that the elite houses and monuments were equipped with Badgirs. Even in older texts the word Badgir or other words like Badghand, Badkhan, Badghas, which have the same meaning, can be found. But in the Safavid houses of Meybod, Badgirs are later additions. Although the typology of Safavid houses differ from Timurid, original Badgirs cannot be found in these houses.But in the houses of Zand and Ghajar dynasties, Badgirs represent as an outstanding symbol of desert architecture and the townscapes are characterized by the domination of Badgirs.Although the oldest Badgir dates back to the Zand era (Dulatabd monument dated to 1160 Hijri), there exist several cisterns (Abanbars) in this region dated back to 8th and 9th.

● Problem explaination: Traditional houses of Yazd area valuable cultural heritage, which constitute the main part of the historic fabric of this city.These buildings are as a manifestation of the history, civilization, urbanization, culture and identity of Yazd historic city, but - unfortunately - many of them have been evacuated and demolished over the time. Conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of this precious treasure, not only provide the opportunity to review and understand the values of these works but also it will transfer these values to future generations.● Purpose of the paper: This paper is to study and identify common improper interventions in the city of Yazd’s traditional houses and examine the technical and functional damages caused by undesirable restorations specifically in relation to climatic conditions.● Methodology, case-studies and the research structure: The research method in this paper is “descriptive-analytical” and based on library resources and field observations. The research methodology is of experimental and simulation studies too. This paper reviews the case studies in the city of Yazd, which includes two examples of historic houses in the historic fabric of Yazd.● The concise results: It shows that incorrect restorations without the support of knowledge and scientific approach will have bad effects on climatic conditions in historic houses and will increase the thermal load and the costs of set the environmental conditions of the buildings at the time of utilization. The results clearly show that these kinds of interventions increase the thermal load of buildings and reduce the climatic desirability of them.

Life is one of the valid categories in architecture. In spite, the fact that some experts in the contemporary period have paid attention to the issue of life and the effective components in its formation as a special quality, but in architecture of this period, one rarely sees the presence of vital components in the constructions. This is despite the fact that in the architecture of the pre-modern periods, these features can be received so that it creates a level of quality. In the architecture of the pre-modern period the house has more value among the buildings built. In these houses, the courtyard is one of the important spaces as the focal attention and through this the dignity of all the house spaces originates from it. Therefore, the main research problem is that,What are the vital quality components in Qajar architecture of Yazd? In order to approach a level of physical and mental life in the houses of the contemporary period, knowing the components and the possibility of their application is the main goal of this article. Qualitative research method is among the methods that provide the possibility of obtaining reliable results in this research. Therefore, based on the foundation data method and field research, we will introduce extractive components. For this purpose, by selecting examples of houses of the Qajar period in Yazd, which seem to have this quality, an attempt has been made to identify the components that create or strengthen vitality in architecture. The research results indicate that the evaluated components, in addition to having diversity, also follow a semantic level, so that these levels are closely related to the territorial talents and knowledge skills and architect vision. Also, the components explained by some architectural theorists, including Alexander, can be proven in the architecture of Qajar period houses in Yazd and have relative validity.

There are many empty traditional homes in historic districts of Yazd while; the horizontal size of Yazd city is going to be bigger than past to provide new houses to people. So the question of research is to know about if existing old houses space programs have adaptability to be reused as contemporary habitations. In other word, would old houses be reused in these days? To evaluate this goal; the article tries to know about intersections and differences between those two kinds of residence space program. The research method which is descriptive-analytical divided in to two ways: deep observations and library survey. Also, the author as one of the dwellers of Yazd city during more than 15 years, in both ancient and new districts of Yazd, did her analytical descriptions. The study shows that space program of traditional homes contains three parts: open spaces, closed spaces and half-open spaces while new dwelling in Yazd, has just limited to closed spaces and personal open spaces and half-open ones have been deleted to some extent. Also, in traditional houses, there are spaces to do house working but new ones forgot doing work at homes. In addition, old houses had relation to neighbors but new kinds don’ t good relationship to neighbors. There are some strong points to traditional homes which are: quality in personal open spaces(yards) to gather family and they have affordance to do several activities in them. Instead, in flats, there are some strong points: stable structures, good security, suitable car access and coherent closed spaces. To avoid of gentrification, and to reach to sustainable rehabilitation of Yazd, and through knowing about two kinds of space program of houses in Yazd, and notice to have a culture of renovating homes to reuse as homes in past Yazd culture, it seems there is affordance in space program of traditional homes to accept and adapt to new life. But some conditions must be changed to do so which some of them are in micro decision and some of them are in macro scale. Some goal group are suggested to dwell in adapted traditional homes: young couples, university students who needs dormitory, province bosses, professors, noble and ancient families of Yazd who needs weekend homes to gather, foreign or Iranian tourists who needs hustles, … Reach to the aim, has two aspects: one of them needs people motivation and the other one needs motivation of decision makers in macro scale. Each of them must do their best in parallel way so that conditions could be better during the time.

An Iwan is the most prominent architectural element of Yazd houses. Qajar houses in Yazd city have the most examples of Qajar houses with south iwan compared to other cities of Iran located in hot and dry climate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different characteristics of the iwan and to express how it is shaded in Qajar houses in Yazd. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of Iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What factors influenced the iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What is the climatic plan (shading) of the porch in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd in the Qajar period? One of the climatic solutions to achieve thermal comfort in hot and dry climatic cities such as Yazd was to use shade and reduce the effects of sunlight. Due to the climatic conditions and the formation of the historic city of Yazd, the iwan element was used to create shade and thermal comfort. As a result, the iwans in the Qajar houses of Yazd were located in the southwest, southeast and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the location of the iwan on the south side has the highest efficiency and the most shading in the summer revolution, and it seems that other reasons have been effective in the formation of houses in Yazd, which have taken precedence over shading